In August 2024, the global health community is once again on high alert as mpox cases rise significantly, prompting renewed emphasis on vaccination efforts. The World Health Organization (WHO) has declared mpox a public health emergency, marking the second such declaration in three years. This resurgence has led to over 15,600 confirmed cases and 537 deaths reported so far this year, surpassing last year’s totals.
Current Situation
The mpox virus, a zoonotic disease related to smallpox, has seen increased transmission across various regions, including Europe and Africa. The European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) has raised the risk alert level, anticipating more imported cases of a new mpox strain. In Africa, the WHO has confirmed cases in countries such as Burundi, highlighting the virus’s continued spread.
Understanding Mpox Vaccines
Vaccination remains a critical tool in combating the mpox outbreak. The primary vaccine available is JYNNEOS, a two-dose vaccine developed to protect against both mpox and smallpox. Manufactured by Bavarian Nordic, JYNNEOS is based on a modified vaccinia Ankara virus, which is a weakened form of the virus used in smallpox vaccines. This vaccine is administered in two doses, with the second dose given four weeks after the first for optimal protection.
How the JYNNEOS Vaccine Works
The JYNNEOS vaccine operates on the principle of cross-reactivity, where antibodies generated against one virus in the Orthopoxvirus genus can offer protection against others, including mpox. Although the first dose provides some level of immunity, full protection is achieved two weeks after the second dose. The vaccine can be administered either subcutaneously or intradermally, with both methods being equally effective.
Vaccine Recommendations and Administration
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends the JYNNEOS vaccine for individuals at higher risk of exposure. This includes those who have had known or suspected exposure to mpox, as well as certain demographics such as men who have sex with men and individuals with occupational exposure to orthopoxviruses. Vaccination sites include health departments, clinics, pharmacies, and even large social gatherings in some areas.
Side Effects and Efficacy
Common side effects of the JYNNEOS vaccine include pain, redness, and itching at the injection site, along with potential systemic symptoms like fever and headache. These reactions are typical of an immune response. While the vaccine begins to confer immunity after the first dose, the full protective effect is realized after the second dose.
Access and Future Developments
Efforts are underway to ensure broad access to the vaccine, especially for uninsured and underinsured populations. As of April 2024, some health insurance plans may cover the cost of the JYNNEOS vaccine. Meanwhile, research continues into new vaccines, including an mRNA-based option specifically targeting mpox, which is currently under clinical evaluation.
The resurgence of mpox underscores the importance of vaccination and public health measures in controlling the spread of the virus. As the situation evolves, staying informed about vaccination recommendations and availability remains crucial for those at risk and the general public.